Traditional use
Leaf and root used in classical formulations for pain and swelling, and a standard component of classical pain oils such as mahanarayan.
Why brands use it
Works across joint, cervical and uric acid products, and appears in both oral and topical formats. Pain oils are a large and reliable category in India with a sharp winter peak.
Quality and specification
Leaf material for most preparations. Used as an extract in oils and as a standardised extract orally.
Safety and cautions
Well tolerated topically and orally in formulation. Not advised in pregnancy. Patch testing is sensible for topicals.
